explain factors which may influence river discharge
The discharge and its annual, as well as long-term, fluctuations are primarily influenced by the characteristics of the drainage basin. All of these factors may increase with increasing discharge. I can explain the factors that affect the erosive ability of a river. The regime of a river is the way in which the discharge of the river changes over time or in the course of the year. This means that lag time is reduced and discharge is increased. Discharge, also called flow, is the amount of water that flows past a given point in a given amount of time. A key influencing factor is the long river profile, illustrated in the diagram to the right.The long profile is a graph of a river that marks the change in altitude from the upper course to its lower course. Figure 1. Topographic and geologic factors. Study Figure 1. As discharge increases, generally width, depth, and velocity of the stream also increase. (15) (iv) Physical factors are more important than human factors in affecting river discharge, Discuss this view,(15) As we have noted already the processes and interaction of the river with its physical environment changes ast it flows from source to mouth. 9 How does the size of the drainage basin affect the shape of the hydrograph? The river regime is also useful for us when considering how rivers change for different parts of the world. The factors involved are numerous, some having a major bearing on the phenomena, whereas others may have a negligible … River discharge River discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river channel. This is the total volume of water flowing through a channel at any given point and is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs). The discharge from a drainage basin depends on precipitation, evapotranspiration and storage factors. 20. AS Geography- Factors affecting the river discharge (1)-Interception. Geographical Conditions: The nature of the soil, its permeability, has an effect on the infiltration rate … Factors that affect the rate of landform change in a river are: Geology – such as hard and soft rocks in the formation of a waterfall. The size and geological formation of a watershed determines the river discharge regime. Factors affecting river regimes: precipitation including storm hydrographs, temperature, vegetation, land-use, water abstraction, dams. What is a "river regime"? The regime of a river is the way in which the discharge of the river changes over time or in the course of the year. A sudden intense period of rainfall Unintentionally, 1m3s-1 is equivalent to 1 cumec, so the discharge of a river is regularly estimated in cumecs because it is somewhat simpler to state. This is the total volume of water flowing through a channel at any given point and is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs). Volume of Water The volume of water that flows through a river within a given amount of time -- known as the discharge -- also affects its velocity. Geography: Storm Hydrograph and Factors Affecting It. The majority of the discharge came from the Blue Nile which is located in a tropical climate with seasonal rainfall between April and October, followed by a drought in the dry season which caused a high peak followed by a dip in the discharge.During the seasonal fluctuations, the land would experience floods which found to leave silt behind on the land which was inevitably good for the … I can describe how erosive factors affect the evolution of river channels. What are the likely effects of the deciduous forest on the river discharge? Human activities can affect the discharge of water and sediment from a river … (5) Annotate each of the factors to show why they increase or decrease as you move from the upper to lower course of the river. Discharge is the water flowing in a river in a given unit of time. Relief - a steep valley is more likely to flood than a flatter valley because the rainfall will run off into … Factors that influence sediment supply Fluvial systems are key elements for operating Earth surface change because they convey most of the global fluxes of water and sediment from land to oceans. The graphs below show 2 regimes for 2 rivers in different parts of the UK. The profile Use appropriate terminology. This is the change in altitude and gradient from the source to the mouth of a river. Water Cycle - En Garde game. Rivers - Discharge. River discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river channel. This is the total volume of water flowing through a channel at any given point and is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs). As the volume of water in a river increases, through smaller streams flowing into it, for example, the velocity of the river increases. A total annual discharge increase of 8.7 km3/y/y is found, with an annual discharge increase of 5.8 km3/y/y observed for the rivers directly flowing to the Arctic Ocean. Deforestation Reduced river discharge downstream. How would the regime of a river be affected by each of the following: A sudden intense period of rainfall Snow melting on mountains at the end of summer Other activities such as river straightening, embankments or canalisation, which are often performed for flood protection or to improve navigation, highly modify river channel form and processes.All of the factors discussed above produce a total metamorphosis in the morphology of many rivers and may even result in a change of style. River regime can describe one of two characteristics of a reach of an alluvial river: . From sub-section 2: Hydrograph characteristics (lag time, peak discharge, base flow) and natural influences on hydrographs, including geology and seasonality. This means infiltration levels decrease and surface runoff increases. This leads to a short lag time and an increase in peak discharge. Hydrograph – a graph that shows river discharge and rainfall over time. Flood – when the capacity of a river to transport water is exceeded and water flows over it’s banks. The rate of discharge is expressed as cubic feet per second (“cfs” or “ft3/sec”). The number of times per year that daily discharge in the Northeast Branch of the Anacostia River, Maryland, (USGS gaging station 01649500) was greater than 1,000 ft 3 /s has increased over time. Exam question (10 minutes) Explain the relationship between stream discharge and channel shape. The graph below shows the daily discharge of the Cedar River for all of 2007. Discharge is calculated by multiplying the velocity of the stream by its width and depth for a specific cross section of the channel. Various facotrs affect river discharge levels and the storm hydrograph: If both the intensity and duration of the storm are high they produce a steep rising limb Heavy rain falling onto saturated soil from previous wet weather (antecedent rainfall) produces a steep rising limb Tend to have higher densities of surface streams (higher drainage densities). As the stream's load, discharge, and gradient decrease, the erosive power of the stream decreases, which influences the evolution of the stream's channel make sure you are able to discuss the factors that result in long or short lag times and thus affect the likelihood of a drainage basin flooding. Storm hydrographs are graphs that show how a drainage basin responds to a period of rainfall. The temperature will also impact rates of evaporation, which influences how much water makes it … Human Factors. The discharge from a drainage basin depends on … Rivers - Discharge River discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river channel. Hydrographs Graphs which shows how the river discharge in a drainage basin responds to a period of rain. (4) (iii) Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of flooding. Discharge Affects the Water Quality of a Stream in a Number of Ways: The most influential factor is the weather. The discharge of a river (or stream) is the volume of water that streams past a point in the river’s course every second. After heavy precipitation, the discharge will rise even more and floods are likely, especially at confluences (where a tributary meets the river) as this is where discharge is highest. Storm hydrographs and river discharge. EXT: Explain the impact of human activity on water extraction. The discharge of a river changes over time depending on a few factors. This is the total volume of water flowing through a channel at any given point and is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs). (ii) Explain one way in which people can cause flooding. Physical factors. The topographic and geologic factors affecting runoff represent the physical characteristics of the basin. River - River - Determining factors: Long-term effects expressed in mean seasonal regimes and short-term effects expressed in individual peak flows are alike affected by soil-moisture conditions, groundwater balance, and channel storage. Discharge increases as more water is added through rainfall, tributary streams, or from groundwater seeping into the stream. Essentially, a river erodes its way down through the landscape (vertical erosion) until it reaches base level (usually the sea but sometimes an inland lake). A lot of rain causes higher river levels, whereas less rainfall or prolonged dry periods will result in lower river levels due to both the volume of rain and the fact that it will take longer for the rainwater to reach the river. Key Terms Check: Discharge - this is the amount of water in a river at any given point and time. Increasing the depth and width of the stream may cause the stream to overflow is channel resulting in a flood. When the discharge of a river increases, the channel may become completely full. The long profile is often portrayed as a smooth concave shape although in reality there are sometimes sharp drops in gradient due to differential geology or rejuvenation (how a river responds to changes in base level caused by sea level change). Rivers which flow through urban areas are characterised by "flashy" hydrographs and represent a high flood risk. Discharge is ordinarily estimated at ch… River discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river channel. Permeable and porous rock lets water infiltrate through. A storm hydrograph/flood hydrograph is a graph showing the relationship between rainwater and discharge in a river. RIVER EROSION AND TRANSPORTATION: kinds of Processes: a) Hydraulic action is the work of turbulence in the water. Discharge/Volume As already said, water flows in response to the pull of gravity which is also determined by the mass and in turn the volume of the moving water. Rivers have less water in the upper course because of most have fewer tributaries at this stage therefore they have less energy to … Factors affecting river discharge. The storm hydrograph is mainly used to observe discharges for given storm events. The variability in its discharge throughout the course of a year in response to precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and drainage basin characteristics (Beckinsale, 1969); A series of characteristic power-law relationships between discharge and width, depth and slope stream load, stream discharge, stream gradient. 19. The effect of urban development in the last half of the 20th century on small floods is … If a river’s drainage basin or floodplain has been heavily urbanised, a river … FACTORS THAT AFFECT RIVER DISCHARGE......Lag time is decreased so discharge increases
- AMOUNT AND TYPE OF RAINFALL
- Lots of rain and short heavy periods of rainfall means more run off
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