drivers of conflict over natural resources

Implications of Climate Change for Armed Conflict. conflicts, promote post-conflict peacebuilding, and increase conflict management tools, capacity, and intellectual capital worldwide. Many environmental conflicts are related directly to this aspect as people attempt to secure control over natural resources. Environment Programme (UNEP) study linked climate change to recurrent These conflicts often emerge because people have dif-ferent uses for resources such as forests, water, pastures and land, or want to manage them in different ways. To help replenish the lake, a $14 billion project to divert water from the Congo River is currently awaiting funding. Environment, Conflict and Peacebuilding noted in 2009 that ���as the global population continues to rise, and the demand for resources continues to grow, there is significant potential for conflicts over natural resources to intensify in the coming decades���. Ongoing communal violence in Nigeria and Sudan is tied to competition over scarce fertile land and poor resource governance. At that time, the real issues were how to achieve national unity and equal rights (not necessarily land grabs or illicit trade). Below are some examples of current Conflicts In Nigeria. drivers (the dynamics of the conflict since 2009 and pre-existing structural constraints) explains the nature, magnitude and severity of the disruptions and 5 Federal Government of Nigeria, 2015. Increasingly the poorlive in areas of high ecological vulnerability and relatively low levels ofresource productivity. The point of conflict is usually when two or more parties did not reach the consensus over resources they need. Experts call for serious financial consequences, including network sanctions and anti-money laundering measures Washington, D.C. ��� Today, the U.N. Security Council held a session on the role of natural resources as a root cause of conflict. Information conflicts arise when people have different or insufficient information, or disagree over what data is relevant. 4.1 The Nature of Resource Based Conflicts and Political Instability in Africa It is axiomatic to argue that African conflicts are resource ��� oriented. Enhanced due diligence for conflict prevention: Integrating BHR, international humanitarian law, and peacebuilding (Part 1 of a series) In June, the UK is planning to hold an open debate on conflict prevention and natural resources. If no one is aware of a conflict, then it is generally agreed that no conflict exists. When compared to other drivers of international security risks, climate change can be modelled with a relatively high degree of certainty. Distinctions in power and privilege and conflicts over natural resources predated the colonial period. The trends are especially clear for interstate conflict, but they also hold true for intrastate conflict. The Five Main Causes of Conflict and How Mediation Can Resolve Them. Numerous scholars point out that the notion of human���wildlife conflict is complicated by underlying tensions from human���human conflicts over conservation and resource use (2, 7, 9, 10). Resource scarcity is ��� Large scale, ��� Natural resources, conflict and conflict resolution research frameworks appear to suffer from ���an embarrassment of mechanisms��� (Humphreys 2005, p.510). Participants will acquire the skills to formulate and operationalize preventive measures in relation to NRM and conflict. Pastoralist���s communities result into conflict over use and ownership rights of these scarce resources. grow, there is significant potential for conflicts over natural resources to intensify in the coming decades���. International development policy has come to a consensus thatenvironment-poverty linkages are critical in determining development outcomes.Poor people in developing countries are particularly dependent on naturalresources and ecosystem services for their livelihoods. The position of the poor at such ecological margins, aswell as a low level of access and rights over productive natural resources, is ama��� September 17, 2020 . scarce. Board of Directors 347-363. Mercy Corps works in three regions of Ethiopia to help communities better understand and address issues that lead to conflict, work towards good governance and reduce local tensions and violence. The trade in diamonds has driven conflicts in countries such ��� More research is needed to understand exactly how conflict, fragility, natural hazards, and climate change interlink and under which conditions they create the perfect storm for displacement. The Somali Civil War (the 1980s ��� date) This is an ongoing civil war in Somalia. In Libya, competition for control of oil resources remains one of the key drivers of conflict. By Tor A Benjaminsen and Espen Sjaastad. It aims to contribute to policy-relevant knowledge of the link between resources and conflict and to propose a general framework for action. Growing Tensions Over Freshwater. These countless conflict drivers are obviously much more daunting than the situation which existed during the original Panglong conference held in 1947 led by the late General Aung San, the father of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. However, it may also be of interest to stakeholders and natural resource management experts involved in disputes over natural resources that might be considering a mediated solution, ranging from governments and companies to local communities and nongovernmental organizations. The future of Lake Chad cannot be ensured solely through large water diversion projects, requiring instead greater focus on sustainable management of current and future water demands within the basin. We drive to and from work, school, and other activities, stopping every so often to fill up the tank with gas. Over the second half of the 20th century, conflicts within national boundaries became increasingly dominant. The root cause of natural resource based conflict in Kenya is resource scarcity. Mechanisms of Conflict and Natural Resources. Peacekeeping operations Although the livelihood activities of the two groups, i.e., the long-term residents and newcomers, were similar, their livelihood strategies and attitudes toward resource management differed, at least initially. Such conflicts of interest are an inevitable feature of all societies. In recent years, the scope and magnitude of natural resource con- flicts have increased and intensified. These conflicts, if not addressed, can escalate into violence, cause environmental degradation, disrupt projects and undermine livelihoods. Sustainable Peace, Preventing and Resolving Conflicts | Carter Center This should, however, not keep us from starting to adapt our solutions to the multifaceted drivers ��� Tensions over scarce resources have also led to conflicts between users. Many (if not most) such conflicts involved violence along ethnic lines. The global trade in a variety of minerals has funded some of the world���s most brutal conflicts for decades. The Institute does this by empowering others with knowledge, skills, and resources, as well as by its direct involvement in conflict zones around the globe. 1 Respondents explained that violence in the home most often begins with issues over resources. In terms of natural resources1 pastoralism takes place in marginal areas where cultivation is not possible. Combining the literatures on nonviolent- and armed conflict with work on the resource���conflict link, we developed a number of hypotheses on how resources affect the ��� However, it is clear that the exploitation of natural resources and related environmental stresses can become significant drivers of violence. potential conflicts over land and natural resources. Conflict Prevention and Natural Resources Expected Council Action. This is mainly because they are so heavily involved in natural resource management from a livelihood perspective and because many are dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods and well-being. Total number of IDPs (Conflict and violence) (as of 31 December 2020) How to read our figures. It should go without saying, therefore, that decision-makers hoping to reduce human suffering, conflict and migration also need to focus on actions that target the many other drivers, be they political, social, or economic. A lack of support for basic rights in the region, plus a lack of supporting institutions, as well as the international community���s political will to do something about it and help towards building peace and stability has also been a factor. Conflict and Resources. Among these, natural resource ��� These conflicts have resulted in the ���destruction of lives and property, the internal displacement of people, a region-wide refugee crisis, poverty and disease, the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, human and drug trafficking, illegal exploitation of natural resources and banditry��� (Afolabi 2009: 25). Local conflict is fueled by issues such as competition over natural resources, land disputes, livelihoods insecurity, and erosion of traditional systems for conflict and resource management. The median GDP growth rate for the 14 Conflict arises ���when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals seek to undermine each other���s goal-seeking capability���. CONFLICT. Armed conflict has declined in both frequency and intensity since the end of the Cold War. In the meantime, conflicts were developing between fishers and charcoal producers over the shrinking resource base, because mangrove ecosystems support fish and shellfish resources. Experts expect that global changes in our climate, food systems and oceans may spark or exacerbate resource conflicts. Land so pervasively underpins human activity that it usually plays some role during war and civil violence. Additional commonalities in the definitions are A follow- and natural resources. 6 Ibid. Natural resources such as land, water, timber, minerals, metals and oil are vitally important sources of livelihoods, income and influence for countries and communities around the globe. By May, 36 deaths had been reported on the Kyrgyz and 19 on the Tajik side, with more than 270 injured and dozens of homes destroyed.. By Ole Theisen. The first program, Conflict and Cooperation over Natural Resources with the acronym CoCooN, lasted from 2010 to 2016 and included projects in the fields of mining, petroleum extraction, fisheries, water usage, and biofuel production. Conflict is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about. Mid-year displacement update. We begin with an overview of the role of collective action in conflict and cooperation over natural resources, using the aforementioned analytical framework. over 20 post-conflict environmental assessments, ECP aims to strengthen the capacity of countries, regional organizations, UN entities and civil society to understand and respond to the conflict risks and peacebuilding opportunities presented by natural resources and the environment. natural resources can also in詮�uence con詮�ict in Afghanistan. Related Papers. However, two mechanisms that are linked to conflict over resources appear relevant to this research. Conversely, resolving disputes over control of natural resources can be a central pillar of peace processes. For example, oil was a crucial element of the peace agreement between Sudan and South Sudan. Beyond oil and diamonds, conflict over land and water resources is a growing risk. on natural resources tend to experience more civil conflict, the drivers of this relationship, and even the direction of causality, remain subjects of intense debate. Conflict has many causes, including organizational structures, limitations on resources, task interdependence, goal incompatibility, personality differences, and communication challenges. to effectively manage the natural conflicts that occur in society. Natural resources are scarce resources that communities 詮�ght over, instruments of coercion used to exert control, and a source of illicit revenues that sustains corruption and the ��� The European Journal of Development Research: Vol. There are five main causes of conflict: information conflicts, values conflicts, interest conflicts, relationship conflicts, and structural conflicts. Increasing land use and associated competition for natural resources in the wake of high human and livestock population pressures have been major challenges confronting pastoralists of West Africa. Since 1990, at least 18 violent conflicts have been fueled by the exploitation of natural resources, whether high-value resources Conclusion Non-violent con��ict can be an essential component of social change and Briefers are likely to include Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson, a high-level representative of the World Bank and possibly also a representative of the extractive industries. Debate, however, has remained silent on forms of conflict, especially why violent or peaceful collective action occurs. Water risk is clearly not the only driver of the conflict and migration we have been witnessing. Land-related issues figure into many violent disputes around the world. Later, a 2011 U.N. While scholars do not fully rule out conflict over scarce water resources, they find that if conflict materializes then it occurs in the form of disputes and political ten-sions, but not in the form of armed hostilities or even ���water wars��� (e.g. 3. On the basis of recent theoretical and empirical research, we provide evidence that preexisting ethnic divisions do influence social conflict. 20, Micro-Evidence on Innovation and Development, pp. Nicholas Cain. This ���fragility��� or weakness will be most evident at any time that the state undergoes processes of economic, political and so - cial change9. Ostensibly, the decision was taken in response to a dispute over Israeli payments for Egyptian gas, but all parties involved have interpreted it as part of ��� An internationally recognized leader and scholar on extractive industries, environmental governance, and rural livelihoods, Bebbington leads the South China Sea Dispute. Conflict over resources: These kind of conflict are usually easy to identify because they can be seen and amore potentially easy to resolve. Exploitation of natural resources can help start or revive conflicts in a variety of ways. on how power dynamics in詮�uence access to, and control over, natural resources, which ... chronologically as well as a clear identification of key conflict drivers. The easy access to natural resources to maintain and fuel rebellions (combined with corporate interests) makes for a nasty combination. Natural Resource Management in Transition Settings 3 summary Conflict stems from and is fuelled by a variety of factors. Another complication is that human interactions with wildlife are often framed negatively even if important positive benefits���recreational, educational, psychological, and ecosystem services���exist ( 11 ). The result has been a growing number of conflicts between indigenous communities and governments and transnational corporations over control of natural resources. ���Poverty is the worst form of violence. Conflict must be perceived by the parties to it; whether or not a conflict exists is a perception issue. Abyei Natural Resources Conflict Situation Report 1 INTRODUCTION This report explores the major factors underlying the violent conflict in Abyei. The Conflict can cause poverty in several ways. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) suggests that in the last 60 years, at least 40 per cent of all intrastate conflicts have a link to natural resources, and that this link doubles the risk of a conflict relapse in the first five years. There is now a well-established body of literature exploring the links between Conflict dynamics (2009 to present). SH: Among the root causes or drivers of conflict, it���s the women who consistently identify natural resources and the environment. These minerals are often referred to as 'conflict minerals'. We wake up in the morning and turn on the faucets to brush our teeth, shower, and drink a glass of water. Between 2008 and 2015, the ECP programme adopted The guide aims to inform mediators and stakeholders addressing conflicts over natural resources ��� whether those disagreements are violent, have the potential to turn violent, or are part of a larger political struggle, including within a peace process. Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. For decades, the number of active conflicts in the world steadily declined.But over the last 10 years, conflicts have tripled, particularly in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa.This trend has coincided with the warmest decade on record and increasing drought conditions in these regions prompting researchers to explore whether a warming climate could be related to conflict. Laura Carlsen, Indigenous Communities in Latin America: Fighting for Control of Natural Resources in a Globalized Age , Americas Program, (Silver City, NM: Interhemispheric Resource Center), July 26, 2002. In this issue, Okech (2010) addresses one element of such control, that of environmental conservation, where biodiversity is protected, often by excluding people from making use of certain environmental goods and services in a particular region. Common Country Analysis for Sudan Desk Review Draft - April 2016 This Common Country Analysis for Sudan collates four issues papers commissioned by the UN and drafted by the Development Studies and Research Institute of the University of Khartoum, summarizing the Assessing the Claim That Drought Breeds Conflict. The plundering of African riches through unequal exchange was rooted in colonial economic practices, as well as enduring ethnic and regional hierarchies established during the ��� Outcomes of well-managed conflict include increased participation and creativity, while negatives of poorly managed conflict include increased stress and anxiety. By Peter H. Gleick. Playing off of an advertising campaign of the Apple corporation, the Enough Project has effectively used YouTube and Facebook to raise awareness over the use of conflict minerals in common gadgets like iPhones, PC computers, and Blackberrys. It is closely observed that the majority of current conflicts in Africa are more of arms conflicts. The paper contributes to the large quantitative literature on natural resource conflict by applying spatial autoregressive regression analysis to a cross- One-third of all countries experienced civil conflict. NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTSare disagreements and disputes over access to, and control and use of, natural resources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCARCITY AND CONFLICT Executive Summary Natural resources and con詮�ict Con��ict arises when two or more groups believe their interests are incompatible. The ���Kilosa Killings��� and distrust of government. Since the return to democracy in 1999, Nigeria has been grappling with diverse security challenges, chief among them are insurgency, election violence, kidnapping and most recently, the herder-farmer over this period include El Salvador, Ghana, India, Tunisia and Uganda, each with declines in the poverty rate of between three and six per cent a year. Weakened institutions, lack of economic opportunity, and increased occurrence of sexual violence and assault���already identified as Activists have shed light on the dark side of natural resources with a timely and creative message. countries also prevent interstate conflict over water. Resource scarcity is increasingly per-ceived as one of the greatest security risks of the twenty-first century. It is not in itself a negative phenomenon. Another compounding factor in pastoralist versus farmer conflict is distrust in local government institutions. In recent years, a wide range of water-related factors have contributed to political instability, human dislocation and migration, agricultural and food insecurity, and in more and more cases, actual conflict and violence. Disagreements also arise when these interests and needs are incom- This conflict occurs when two or more people are competing for inadequate (or perceived to be inadequate) resources over a period of time .The competition may assume negative or destructive dimension when the available resources are not ��� Introduction to Natural Resources and Conflict For most of us, conflict over natural resources is not a part of everyday life. Myanmar is a nation in transition, seeking to break with a past marred by authoritarian rule, economic mismanagement, and multiple conflicts that persist today, driven by social exclusion and predatory natural resource extraction. The coexistence between humans and mammals across Africa has led to Human Wildlife Environmental Drivers of Conflict. But between predicting and preparing, there is still a long way to go. The Asian drivers and the resource curse in Sub-Saharan Africa: the potential impacts of rising commodity prices for conflict and governance in the DRC. In addition, Tonah (2006) maintains that conflict theory views constant antagonism over economic resources as the fundamental cause of conflict between economic agents. Environmental factors are rarely, if ever, the sole cause of violent conflict. Conflict over marine fishery resources is a growing security concern. Yet to date, the role mediation can play in peacefully resolving conflicts over natural resources has not been examined in a systematic way. Conflict arises in the situations of competition and co-operation. Gledisch & ��� If the drivers of conflict, like natural resources, are not addressed in the peace-building process, failure is all too likely. programming. While the name ���Great Lakes Region��� was derived from the freshwater lakes and river basins within the central and eastern part of Africa,1 for the purposes of this article (2008). Climate Wars? Among its studies, Search conducted a wide-scale conflict assessment in collaboration with UNICEF across seven states to identify the drivers and triggers of conflict as well as unifiers and opportunities for engagement. drive conflict and competition over increasingly scarce resources.3 The International Monetary Fund found that African countries that depend on natural resources to power their economies���and are therefore tied to volatile global commodity markets���were likely to grow by just 0.3 percent in 2016, compared with 5.6 percent in African Introduction: Land and Conflict. Environmental factors are rarely, if ever, the sole cause of violent con��ict. However, the exploitation of natural resources and related environmental stresses can be implicated in all phases of the con��ict cycle, from contributing to the outbreak and perpetuation of violence to undermining prospects for peace. As tensions over resources grow, we can expect insecurities to result in violent conflict more often, unless these are carefully managed and mitigated. Global Journal of Politics and Law Research Vol.9, No.2, pp.38-45, 2021 ISSN: ISSN 2053-6321(Print), ISSN: ISSN 2053-6593(Online) 38 DRIVERS OF CONFLICT IN THE WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION: HOW CHINA���S ACTIVITIES ARE ESCALATING THE SITUATION Dr. Babalola Abegunde1, Former Acting Dean of Law, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The economic agents in this context are farmers and pastoralists. At the end of April, a conflict over water escalated into the most serious border clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan since their independence from the Soviet Union. The stresses on natural resources undermine the capacity of nations to govern themselves, and increase the chances of conflicts. We are already witnessing greater military engagement in the management of natural resources 9, as well as conflicts over the control of natural resources. [7] When natural resources are poorly managed or inequitably shared, however, or when business operations are implemented without due consideration for context and communities, they can contribute Natural Resources and Conflict: A Guide for Mediation Practitioners. UN . The Civil War was born out of resistance to the military during the 1980s and it is led by Siad Barre. 3.4 Three categories of drivers of conflict and fragility in Africa can be identified ��� primary, secondary and tertiary ��� Natural resources can create state-based and other conflicts through several causal mechanisms. The December 2000 conflict in the Rudewa Mbuyuni village was the result of a dispute over wetland area between farmers and pastoralists (Benjaminsen et al., 2009). New displacements (Conflict and violence) (1 January - 31 December 2020) 2,730,000. Driving these overall reductions in poverty was the rebound in growth that began for most of the countries in the mid-1990s. We identify factors that affect the incentives for cooperative and equitable management of resource competition, which can be addressed to reduce the likelihood of broader social conflict and violence or its escalation. Furthermore, mediators unfamiliar with the issues may be tempted to consider them as largely technical, thereby not fully appreciating their political nature and strategic importance. The selection crite-ria follow Eisenhardt and Graebner s replication logic , which implies that multiple To have few resources at the disposal of a colossal number of people is to direct the emergence of poverty, just as Ghandi of India put it. John Prendergast, Founding Director of the Enough Project and Co-Founder of The Sentry, said: ���Today���s session at the United Nations [���] The South Chins Sea (SCS) dispute is a maritime claims dispute among various states including China, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Brunei. losses caused to livelihoods, economic productivity, exposure to disease and social cohesion.

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